![]() The vacuum advance increases FUEL ECONOMY because it helps maintain idle fuel spark advance at all times. It is a method of matching ignition timing with engine load. The vacuum advance provides additional spark advance when engine load is low at part throttle position. This causes the ignition coil to fire with the engine pistons not as far up in the cylinders. The action of the centrifugal advance causes the contact points to open sooner, or the trigger wheel and pickup coil turn off the ECU sooner. At a preset engine speed, the lever strikes a stop and centrifugal advance reaches maximum. With this design, the higher the engine speed, the faster the distributor shaft turns, the farther out the advance weights move, and the farther ahead the cam or trigger wheel is moved forward or advanced. This movement causes the distributor cam or trigger wheel to move ahead. Timing stays at its normal initial setting.Īs speed increases, centrifugal force on the weights moves them outwards against spring tension. At this time there is not enough centrifugal force to push the weights outward. Basically the centrifugal advance consists of two advance weights, two springs, and a advance lever.ĭuring periods of low engine speed, the springs hold the advance weights inward towards the distributor cam or trigger wheel. This action helps correct ignition timing for maximum engine power. Spark timing is advanced by rotating the distributor cam or trigger wheel against distributor shaft rotation. VACUUM ADVANCE (controlled by intake manifold vacuum and engine load)ĬOMPUTERIZED ADVANCE (controlled by various sensors- speed, temperature, intake, vacuum, throttle position, etc.)Ĭentrifugal advance makes the ignition coil and spark plugs fire sooner as engine speed increases, using spring-loaded weights, centrifugal force, and lever action to rotate the distributor cam or trigger wheel. ![]() The basic methods to control ignition system timing are as follows:ĬENTRIFUGAL ADVANCE (controlled by engine speed) Timing retard prevents the fuel from burning too much on the compression stroke, which would cause spark knock or ping. Spark retard is required at lower speeds and under high load conditions. Timing retard happens when the spark plugs fire later on the compression strokes. More time advance is required at higher speeds to give combustion enough time to develop pressure on the power stroke. The timing is set several degrees before top dead center (TDC). Timing advance happens when the spark plugs fire sooner than the compression strokes of the engine. Ignition timing must vary with engine speed, load, and temperature. Ignition timing refers to how early or late the spark plugs fire in relation to the position of the engine pistons.
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![]() In May, publicly-traded miners sold every bitcoin they produced for the first time in history. Market Cipher is 'n instrument wat 'n paar van die verskaf beste aanwysers. GitHub - ReidLitkauo/market-cipher: I found this on the crypto. With the bitcoin price reversal they are being forced to liquidate bitcoin holdings at the bottom of this cycle. Market Cipher Review 2022 Verhoog winste deur die beweging van cryptocurrency-pryse akkuraat te voorspel. I found this on the crypto trading discord, just figuring out what it is and re-writing it. In addition, their finances are under duress as many were forced to take on large amounts of debt to finance expansions. Neither Griid Infrastructure of Adit EdTech responded to Forbes request for comment.īitcoin BTC mining firms could find the SPAC environment this year particularly challenging, as most publicly-traded stocks are down 55-80% on the year. We look forward to sharing further updates as possible,” a Bitdeer Spokesperson told Forbes.īitmain is also the parent company of BitFuFu, another crypto mining company who expects to go public in a deal with Arisz Acquisition Corporation in Q3 of this year.įinally, Griid Infrastructure, a bitcoin carbon-free mining company, was initially expected to close its merger with Adit EdTech Acquisition Corp in Q1 of this year, yet the company has not yet been publicly listed. “While we are unable to comment on the specifics of our transaction, what we can share is that we are confident in our business model, and our listing plan is in process. BitFuFu and Griid Infrastructure are among those that announced SPAC mergers in the past year and have extended their termination deadlines.Īdditionally, Bitdeer, a cryptocurrency cloud mining company backed by the largest crypto mining rig manufacturing company Bitmain, and Blue Safari Acquisition extended their termination deadline until September 14, 2022. Several crypto mining companies were also eyeing public listing through SPACs. Other exchanges that also have termination dates for planned mergers with SPACs include Japanese crypto exchange Coincheck and New York-based digital asset trading platform Apifiny Group. Though the initial listing was due to come on July 8, Bullish and Far Peak extended their outside termination date to December 31, 2022. The Cayman Islands-based company announced a planned merger with Far Peak Acquisition in July of 2021. The companies filed an extension of the agreement until December 10, 2022.īullish Global, the Peter Thiel-backed crypto exchange that made headlines last year for also being valued at $9 billion, is amongst those who have extended termination deadlines with their respective SPACs and laid off about 10% of its staff earlier this week. “Regarding the deal which was originally announced in July 2021 and updated in February, 2022, we continue the review process of our S4 registration statement with the SEC,” a Circle spokesperson told Forbes. The companies then signed an extension in February that doubled Circle’s valuation from $4.5 billion to $9 billion. ![]() The security of cryptocurrencies is reinforced by the continuous use of cryptographic algorithms in blockchain networks.The company announced a merger with Concord Acquisition Corp with the intention of going public in July of last year. Such ciphers can only be cracked using computers.Ĭryptocurrencies as a project were heavily popular among cryptography enthusiasts, known as cypherpunks. It played an important role in World War II up until the development of the British decryption device which cracked the Enigma.ĭevelopments in computer science over the course of the 20th century led to the creation of new cryptography ciphers that are heavily computational. One of the best-known examples of early electromechanical encryption devices was the Enigma machine. The mid-20th century saw many developments in the field of cryptanalysis that led to the classical ciphers becoming easy to decrypt. ![]() They are known as classical ciphers and can be categorized into substitution and transposition ciphers. There are numerous methods of manually encrypting a message without the use of a computer. Prior to the development of digital technology, ciphers were done using pen and paper. ![]() Ciphers should be able to create a ciphertext that is nearly or completely impossible to crack without knowing the key. The sender and the receiver determine the key prior to the communication. The receiver must be in possession of a key that helps decipher the ciphertext back into the original message. Cipher is a prominent concept in cryptography, the science of secure communication techniques.Ĭipher takes the initial text of the message, or plaintext, and transforms it into ciphertext, which is coded to then be safely transmitted to the receiver. A Cipher is a tool used for information exchange without a third party being able to interfere or breach the privacy of said information. A new, blank layer will appear (Layer 1, in this case) above the active layer in the Layers palette. The first step in the painting process is to make a new layer by clicking the "Create a new layer" button at the bottom of the Layers palette. This insures that when color is sampled it will be representative of an area and less likely to be influenced by the color of any one pixel.Īlso, if you haven't already done so, make sure your painting cursor is set to "Normal Brush Tip" and your other cursors are set to "Precise." These preferences can be found under Edit > Preferences > Cursors. ![]() Then go to the Options Bar at the top and select a sample size of "5 by 5 Average" from the drop-down menu. First select the Eye Dropper tool from the Tools palette. Because the Brush tool can be finely controlled, even with a computer mouse, blending the correction into scene is both easy and accurate.īefore describing the procedure, however, it's important to set up Photoshop to make the process work correctly. The texture has also been changed but might be passable.Ī better way to facilitate the color change is by adding the right color in a new layer over the texture that is already present. The orange color and the less than perfect edges are obvious. The figure below shows the results of attempting to use the Patch tool. To correct it, the Patch or Healing Brush tool could have been tried, but because they create their replacement color from adjacent pixels, the edge shared with the background area would bleed orange into the correction. The texture of the area was perfect, but the color wasn't quite right. There is no specific tool to do this in Photoshop, but it can be accomplished in a relatively simple manner with only a blank layer and the Brush tool.īelow is an image and a close-up section where a pivotal area (circled in red in the close-up) had just enough color difference to slow the eye down as it prepared to jump off into other parts of the scene. While this can be mitigated somewhat by choosing the right area to sample with the Rubber Stamp, Patch, and Healing Brush tools, sometimes keeping the underlying texture intact and changing only the color is what would actually work best, especially if the area is larger than a few pixels. These tools do a great job of changing pixels in an attempt to match the surrounding area so that the spot is no longer visible, but they also tend to change the texture of the area. The Rubber Stamp tool, the Patch tool, the Healing Brush and the Spot Healing Brush are the usual choices. ![]() Several tools are provided in Photoshop to make easy work of these situations. ![]() Dust on the sensor, contrails in the sky, twigs protruding into the frame, or a cigarette butt in the scene are examples of things the photographer might choose to clone out. Photoshop provides many tools for "cloning," the process of cleaning up small imperfections before printing. Cloning Color, Retaining Texture ©2008 Tony Kuyper Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature that allows users to turn a part of any Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets. ![]() Boot Camp, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or later) or Windows Vista, on a separate partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs. ![]() Back to My Mac, a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet.It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more. Now it can use a new action called "Watch Me Do" that lets users record a user action (like pressing a button or controlling an application without built-in Automator support) and replay as an action in a workflow. It also can quickly create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. A new and improved Automator, with easy starting points to easily start a workflow.New and changed features End-user features Īpple advertised that Mac OS X Leopard has 300+ new features, including: A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007 however, on April 12, 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with only some Mac models.Īpple missed Leopard's release time frame as originally announced by Apple's CEO Steve Jobs. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. ![]() Leopard is the final version of macOS to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.Īccording to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements compared to its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger, covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6) in 2009. It retailed for $129 for the desktop version and $499 for Server. Leopard was released on Octoas the successor of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger, and is available in two editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Here’s how to find the serial number for your Surface Headphones or Surface Earbuds in the Surface app: Gently pull the SIM tray out to find the serial number on the inside of it.įind the serial number for Surface accessoriesįind the serial number for your Surface Headphones or Surface Earbuds.įind the serial number in the Surface app With your Surface Duo 2 closed and the triple lens rear-facing camera facing up, insert the SIM ejector tool into the small hole on the bottom of the left screen, and then gently press in to eject the SIM card tray. You might be able to grab the longer end of the SIM tray with your fingernails to remove it. If this occurs, slightly insert the SIM ejector tool back into the hole for the SIM card tray, and then gently angle the tool and pull the tray all the way out. Note: If the bumper is attached, the SIM card tray may not come all the way out. Gently pull the SIM tray out to find the serial number on the inside of it. Insert the SIM ejector tool into the small hole on the right side and gently press in to eject the SIM card tray. Place your Surface Studio screen down, and look at the bottom of the base. You'll need to detach the screen from the keyboard.Īny Surface Book (bottom of the keyboard) Look on the bottom edge of the clipboard where it attaches to the keyboard (closest to the magnet on the left). The serial number appears on the back of the display near the middle.Īny Surface Pro model, Surface Go model, Surface 2, Surface 3, and Surface RTįlip out the kickstand and look for the string of numbers near its base. Starting in Laptop mode, gently rotate the top of the display backwards 180 degrees. Surface Laptop, Surface Laptop Go, and Surface Laptop SE Look for your Surface model to locate its serial number. However, if your Surface Duo doesn’t turn on, you can also find the serial number on the SIM card tray after you eject it. This is the quickest way to find your serial number. In Settings, tap About > Model & hardware, and look for your Serial number. On this page, find Windows Specifications, and look for your Serial number. Right-click (or long-press) Start, then select Settings > System > About. Here's a quick way to find the serial number on your Surface (running on Windows 10 or Windows 11): If you still have the original packaging for your Surface, you can find the serial number on the barcode label. The Surface app isn’t available on Surface Duo or Windows RT. Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, Windows 11Ĭ:\ProgramData\eLicenser\Logs\POS_Used_eLicenser_Serialnumbers.logĬ:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\eLicenser\Logs\POS_Used_eLicenser_Serialnumbers.Note: If you have a Surface Duo, Surface RT, or Surface 2, use one of the other methods to find the serial number.Library/Logs/eLicenser/POS_Used_eLicenser_Serialnumbers.log If applicable, the log file can be found here: The USB-eLicenser number also might have been captured in a log file from which our support team can retrieve the ID.Select 'Create Support File.' from the 'Support' menu.Install the latest eLicenser Control Center.Send us an eLicenser Control Center support file:.Send us an activation code with which you've downloaded a license onto the USB-eLicenser to register with your MySteinberg account.If you don't know the serial number of a defective/lost/stolen USB-eLicenser that you haven't registered yet, you have the following options: Registering requires the USB-eLicenser serial number. Steinberg Zero Downtime, our license replacement service, only covers USB-eLicensers that are registered with a MySteinberg account. The numbers can be used to register all licensed programs with a MySteinberg account.Possibly, an installed Soft-eLicenser (a virtual license container on the hard disk) with a 20-digit number will be displayed as well, too. All detected USB-eLicensers with a 12 or 13-digit number will be shown.This is the license management tool that is being installed along with any Steinberg software. Open the eLicenser Control Center (Mac: Applications, Windows: Programs).Attach the USB-eLicenser to your computer. ![]() Here is how to retrieve the serial number (ID) of a USB-eLicenser. The following information is not relevant for you. ![]() If your software uses Steinberg Licensing introduced in January 2022, ![]() This article refers to eLicenser-based license management. ![]() Since its launch, the social platform has always had a sober and smart graphic charter that aspires seriously. On LinkedIn™, it’s not about inviting users to be your friends, we’re talking about linking up with connections in a professional setting. To get connections, a connection request from your side or theirs needs to be approved. The principle of LinkedIn™ is to build your own professional network based on your already acquired relationships. It is based on the principle of social networking, that is to say the fact of developing one’s relationships by using one’s network, in order to achieve a professional objective. However, do you know its history, do you know why the LinkedIn™ logo bears these colors? Discover the origin of its logo and its usefulness!Ĭreated in 2003 by Reid Hoffman and 4 other IT engineers, LinkedIn™ is today the leading BtoB social network (from professional to professional) in the world since it currently has 750 million users. When you hear “LinkedIn™”, you probably think of this famous blue and white crest. More than a graphic representation, LinkedIn ™ has made it a real sales and marketing force. Moreover, in 20 years, the LinkedIn™ logo has always kept its outline and only a few details have come to update it. LinkedIn™ is an anchored visual identity that greatly contributes to its notoriety. To save the image, “right click” then click on “save image as” and finally select the folder where to save it on your computer. We are just a messenger here to make it easy for you.īe careful to respect the official LinkedIn™ guidelines! Our desire here is to bring you value and give you the keys to understanding and optimal use of the LinkedIn ™ Logo. Comment mentionner LinkedIn™ sur son CV ?īefore we begin, we remind you that we are not affiliated with LinkedIn ™ corporation.Comment trouver l'URL de son profil LinkedIn™ ?.Pourquoi l'emblème de LinkedIn™ est bleu ?.LinkedIn ™ logo: to summarize in 4 questions.The evolution of the coat of arms from 2011 to 2019 The first LinkedIn™ logo from 2003 to 2011 LinkedIn™ “In” Icon Logo PNG – Full Color.And, the LinkedIn™ logo in PNG – In white.LinkedIn™ logo: download official LinkedIn™ logos for free. ![]() A dramatic leap forward in technology, the bomber represents a major milestone in the U.S. With CVR-1, the B-2s bypass the previous system that used UHF system and Military Strategic Tactical and Relay (MILSTAR) satellite relay: its radios should be capable to receive VLF (Very Low Frequency) signals bounced off of lower levels of the atmosphere. The B-2 Spirit is a multi-role bomber capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear munitions. The aircraft should embed the Common Very Low Frequency Receiver Increment 1, or CVR-1, a modification to receive orders from the President of the US via EAMs ( Emergency Action Messages). The panel also shows the message "ANT DPLOYD" that means "Antenna Deployed" above the Link 16 radio controls. The panel also shows the Have Quick Radio: the WOD (Word Of the Day) that is shown in the video is the key used along with the TOD (Time Of the Day) and the NET (multiple networks of frequencies are available) to initiate the cryptographic pseudo-random number generator that controls the frequency hopping scheme. Interestingly, the aircraft has also selected an HF frequency: high-frequency comms are still required for communication and position reporting over water and long distances beyond the range of U/VHF radios. Air Force’s B-2 stealth bomber is a key component of the nation’s long-range strike arsenal, and one of the most survivable aircraft in the world. There are two UHF frequencies tuned in the radios (COMM1 and COMM2). Moving to the right, we can also take a quick look at the radio panel.Īnother screenshot showing the T-shaped arrangement of the multifunction displays and the radio panel. The bottom one is set on the HSD that is to the Situational Awareness as it shows the situation around the aircraft, including friendly (and if present enemy aircraft), threats, waypoints etc. On the top row, the first on the left should be the EICAS ( Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System), the central one is the Primary Flight Display, the right one shows the FCS (Flight Control System) status. ![]() Each page is a sort of mini-portal: from the homepage you can select various subpages that provide specific information or features. MFD makes various "pages," which can be selected and viewed at any time, available. Moving to the right (and looking at the co-pilot station) we can also notice an additional MFD: there are now 3x MFD in front of each pilot in the typical T-shape arrangement. The front panel (the part that is connected to the central console between the two seats) with the engine indicators has been replaced by large MFD (Multi-Function Display) that in the video is set on the EADI (Electronic Attitude Director Indicator) with the main engine paramenters. Tupolev Tu-154 B-2 virtual cockpit add-on package for the Tupolev Tu-154 B-2 of Tibor Kykai. The HSD (Horizontal Situation Display)/Nav Panel has a triangle-shaped airplane icon in the center: a rather accurate representation of the aircraft that has replaced the original light, round-wingtip aircraft used in the earlier versions. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. ![]() Next, go to the Prints tab, select the print drop-down at the top and choose Show Print Queue. In booth mode press Ctrl-C on the keyboard to switch back to color mode.įirst, make sure you have an email account set up and it tests OK. My photos are in Black and White instead of color ![]() In the Prints tab, are they dark? Is the green background bright green all the way to the corners? It can also be the images are too bright. In most cases, this is the result of incorrect exposure on the camera images. My green screen photos look ghost-like or transparent If that does not work, try replacing the USB cable or hub to the camera because it could be a communication issue. In most cases, manual focus will be the most reliable. ![]() First, try manual focus (this is a small switch on the left side of the lens on most cameras) if that works then you need to have more light so the camera can focus. This is generally due to one of two things either the camera cannot focus due to some issues like low light, or the camera connection is not good due to a loose cable. In the main settings tab, make sure the quantity is set to 2 2圆s. I am only getting a single 2×6 in the center of a 4×6 cut in half This is an option that is normally off in the Controls tab at the bottom. When I try to exit Booth mode it asks me for a PIN code Make sure “Print Photo” is checked in the main tab. The strips are not printing or being saved in the Prints tab Check those options and disable them one at a time to see if that is the cause. This is usually the result of the Save Image 1 or 2, or Copy originals options set to a location that is blocked or does not exist like a thumb drive that is not plugged in. I am getting an error message “Error converting file…” If that setting is there, then this is most likely a cable issue from the camera to the flash. With an external flash, make sure there is a pause set in the Live View tab of at least 1 second. This is a starting point and your settings may vary with the situation. ![]() If they are too bright to decrease the flash power if they are too dark increase the flash power. Start with the flash set to the medium setting and the camera at 1/100 for the Tv and 8 for the Av with ISO at 200. With external flash, you should be using manual exposure. If you are using an external flash this is the result of your exposure being too high or too low. This message is a warning that the printer does not have the correct media or size setting to do the size print you have selected. My printer is detected but I get an error message when I go into booth mode that no printer is available This is also the result of a bad or loose cable connection to the camera or printer. You may need to replace bad cables.īooth freezes at “Creating camera control” or “Creating printer control” Connections may have loosened during transport and cause an issue. If you are using a hub check that as well. I asked Wally Carnes, Operations Manager and Booth Guru at Darkroom Software to compile a list of the issues he and his support team hear most often from customers using Darkroom Booth.īooth crashes or freezes during operationĬheck all the USB cable connections especially to the camera. Oftentimes there is a simple answer or quick fix to common support questions. We know how important it is to keep your photo booth up and running. ![]() The Sheriff taxes Friar Tuck and a family of rabbits. This results in the prince putting a bounty on their heads and making the Sheriff his personal tax collector. Robin and Little John rob Prince John by disguising themselves as fortune tellers. Unfortunately, the prince is greedy and immature, even sucking his thumb whenever his mother is mentioned. Sir Hiss hypnotized Prince John's brother King Richard to go off on the Crusades, allowing Prince John to take the throne. Meanwhile, Prince John and his assistant Sir Hiss, arrive in Nottingham. The Sheriff of Nottingham and his posse often try to catch the two but fail every time. He explains that Robin Hood and Little John live in Sherwood Forest, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor townsfolk of Nottingham. The movie is narrated by the rooster Alan-a-Dale. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. It is based on the legend of Robin Hood, but uses anthropomorphic animals instead of people. It was first released in the United States on November 8, 1973. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. So, Robin did exist, but not in quite the same way as the Robin Hood we all think of, the cinematic Robin of Sherwood, Prince of Thieves! His story however, remains one of the best known tales of English folklore.Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated musical adventure comedy movie. Little John’s grave can be seen in Hathersage churchyard in Derbyshire.īut what of his lover Maid Marion? Not much of Robin’s career is known, but nowhere in the chronicles is Maid Marion mentioned, so we must assume she was ‘added’ to the stories at a later date. Robin asked Little John to bury him where the arrow landed, which he duly did.Ī mound in Kirklees Park, within bow-shot of the house, can still be seen and is said to be his last resting place. Little John placed Robin’s bow in his hand and carried him to a window from where Robin managed to loose one arrow. With the last of his strength he blew his horn and Little John came to his aid, but too late. As he grew older and became ill, he went with Little John to Kirklees Priory near Huddersfield, to be treated by his aunt, the Prioress, but a certain Sir Roger de Doncaster persuaded her to murder her nephew and the Prioress slowly bled Robin to death. Robin having fought in the Crusades alongside the Lionheart before returning to England to find his lands siezed by the Sheriff.Īll versions of the Robin Hood story give the same account of his death. Some chroniclers date his exploits as taking place during the reign of Edward II, but other versions say the king was Richard I, the Lionheart. Robin became a popular folk hero because of his generosity to the poor and down-trodden peasants, and his hatred of the Sheriff and his verderers who enforced the oppressive forest laws, made him their champion. Afterwards the fields where the arrows landed were known as Robin Hood’s Close and Little John’s Close. The arrows fell at Whitby Lathes, more than a mile away. Both men were skilled at archery and from the roof of the Monastery they both shot an arrow. One well known story about Robin that places him in Whitby, Yorkshire, is about him and Little John having a friendly archery contest. One certain fact is that he was a North Country man, with his traditional haunts as an outlaw in Sherwood Forest and a coastal refuge at Robin Hood’s Bay in Yorkshire. Another chronicler has it that he was a Wakefield man and took part in Thomas of Lancaster’s rebellion in 1322. However the first known literary reference to Robin Hood and his men was in 1377, and the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum have an account of Robin’s life which states that he was born around 1160 in Lockersley (most likely modern day Loxley) in South Yorkshire. The Hollywood one is that of an incredibly handsome man – Errol Flynn – clothed in garments of Lincoln green, fighting for the rights of the oppressed and outwitting the evil Sheriff of Nottingham. There are several versions of the Robin Hood story. Legend has it that Robin Hood was an outlaw living in Sherwood Forest with his ‘Merry Men’ – but did he really exist? ![]() Villagers downstream of the Sélingué dam, 150 km from Bamako, are happy that there is no longer a period of the year when the river runs dry, but rice farmers, downstream of this dam whose irrigated plots had been destroyed in 2001, faced difficulties to get compensations for their lost crops by Electricité du Mali (EDM), after the company opened the dam gates to avert a major disaster during a large flood on that year. In Nigeria, because of the higher demand of the inhabitants, fish populations are declining as they are being depleted faster than they are able to restore their number.Īccording to a report entitled, by the Tyndall Centre and International Alert, financed by US Aid, the presence of the dams in Mali has reduced peak flows of the river and increased the minimum flow but flood recession agriculture on the banks has declined downstream of the Markala dam, 250 km downstream of Bamako, since the land that is flooded has reduced in surface. In a report published in the Water International Journal of London, researchers from France’s IRD development institute and from the Commonwealth Scientific and Indusrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) warn that expansion of the Office du Niger irrigation (ODN) project will result in a decreased flood in the Inner Delta, affecting traditional rice growers, herders and fishers, with a risk of 5 to 8 percent reduction of the fish production accordingly. They may increase up to 400,000 ha the irrigated areas but risk inevitably to have effects on the people downstream. Under the NBA investment plan, large dams are due to be built, in Guinea (Fomi), in Mali (Taoussa) and in Niger (Kandadji). In this fragile context, some 100,000 fishermen supporting one million people, particularly the Bozo migrant fishermen who move along the river during the catching season, are faced with the challenge posed by the construction of dams. At the same time, sand storms and wind erosion contribute to sand silting in the area of Timbuktu. The river loses nearly two-thirds of its potential flow in the Inner Delta between Ségou and Timbuktu to seepage (infiltration) and evaporation. In Mali and the above-mentioned Niger Delta, between Timbuktu The Niger River is made of two ancient rivers which eventually merged together and has two deltas: the Inner Delta at the end of the upper Niger, from the source to the Timbuktu area This causes both floods and droughts, which pose serious problems for agropastoralists, fishermen and cattle herders in an area whose population is expected to double by 2050 in an unique environment. The Joliba in the Manika language of Guinea and Mali, Egerew n-Igerewen as call it the Tuareg or the Oya as it is named by the Yoruba of Nigeria is a unique river with considerable fluctuations of its discharge which ranges from 500 to 27,600 cubic meters/second, according to seasons. Yet, a number of natural and man made factors is posing considerable challenges to the riparian ecosystems and populations. The 4,200 km Niger River is the main source of life for the 100 million people of the Niger Basin, which covers an area of 2.17million square kilometers in the nine countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria and Niger), who are members of the Niger Basin Authority (NBA). Sailing down the Niger River from the Fouta Djalon Mountains of Guinea to the sands of Timbuktu, the pearl of the desert and to the mangroves of the Niger Delta, is a fascinating trip. But owing to climate change and human activities, riparian populations face growing challenges. The Niger River is the main source of life of large parts of West Africa. The Niger River : From Drought To Floods And Pollution. |
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